College of Architecture & Urban Studies

Urban Affairs and Planning (School of Public and International Affairs)

www.uap.vt.edu/

University Exemplary Department
C. Theodore Koebel, Chair
University Distinguished Professor:
P. L. Knox
Professors: J. R. Bohland; J.O. Browder; C. T. Koebel; A. C. Nelson; J. Randolph
Associate Professors: A. Ebrahim; R. Lang; J. Richardson; T. W. Sanchez; M. O. Stephenson, Jr.; D. Zahm
Assistant Professors: C. Dawkins; H. Mayer; E. Bubanie-Nance; S. Hirt; L. Schweitzer
Adjunct Professors: E. L. Blythe; J. M. Levy; A. H. Moore; M. E. Ridenour; A. Steiss; D. Gring

Student designing

Overview

    The Urban Affairs and Planning Program (UAP) offers two undergraduate degrees, the B.A. in public and urban affairs and the B.S. in environmental policy and planning, as well as minors under both degrees. At the graduate level the department offers the master of urban and regional planning degree.

B.A. in Public and Urban Affairs

    The B.A. in public and urban affairs (PUA) is an interdisciplinary social science degree with a professional cast. It aims to educate students broadly in the liberal arts tradition while equipping them with the skills, knowledge, and analytical thinking used in planning and policy analysis. Students learn to address the political, economic, environmental, social, and governmental consequences of growth and change and to help resolve the problems that emanate from them.

    Students are able to focus on one of five concentrations:

Public and Non-Profit Management
Urbanization: Planning and Policy
Public Policy
Global Development
Environmental Affairs

    The latter four concentrations are shared by one or more of the majors offered by the programs in the School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA). SPIA programs include UAP, Government and international affairs, and Public Administration.

    The 120 credit hour curriculum in Public and Urban Affairs has 66 required hours, including 39 hours in the core, 12 hours in designated university core courses, and 15 hours in the student's area of concentration. This leaves 54 hours for the student to fulfill other university core requirements (maximum of 21 hours) and for free electives (minimum of 33 hours). The curriculum includes four areas: core in major, remaining university core, free electives, and area of concentration.

I. Core Requirements in the Major (51 hours)
The core is organized into five thematic areas.
Public Issue Domains (12 hours)
UAP 1024: Public Issues in an Urban Society
SPIA 1004: Nations & Nationalities
or UAP 3074: Social Movements in Urban Society
UAP 3344: Global Environmental Issues
PHIL 3314: Ethical Theory
or PHIL 1304: Morality and Justice
or PHIL 2304: Global Ethics
The Policy Context & Process (24 hours)
PSCI 1014: Intro. to U.S. Government and Politics
PSCI 2055: World Politics and Economy
ECON 2005/06: Principles of Economics
UAP 3014: Urban Policy and Planning
UAP 3714: The U.S. Policy Process
UAP 4714: Econ. & Financing of State & Local Govts.
UAP 4754: Legal Foundations of Planning
Tools for Public Policy and Planning (12 hours)
UAP 3004: Urban Research Methodology
or PSCI 2024: Research Methods
UAP 3744: Public Policy Analysis
UAP 4184: Community Involvement
STAT 3604: Statistics for Social Sciences
Synthesis (3 hours)
UAP 4914: Seminar in Public & Urban Affairs
II. Remaining University Core (maximum 24 hrs)
III. Free Electives (minimum 30 hrs)
IV. Area of Concentration (15 hours)
15 hours from one of the concentrations, including:
Urbanization: Planning and Policy: (SPIA concentration)
UAP 2014: Urbanization & Development
UAP 4374: Land Use & Environment
Plus 9 hours from approved list
Public Policy: (SPIA concentration)
UAP 4224: Policy Making in the Federal System
Plus 12 hours from approved list
Public and Non-Profit Management:
UAP 3415/16: Public Administration
UAP 4244: Non-profit Organization & Management
Plus 6 hours from approved list
Global Development: (SPIA concentration)
GEOG 4204: Geography of Resources
UAP 4764: International Development
Plus 9 hours from approved list
Environmental Affairs: (SPIA concentration)
GEOG 1104: Physical Geography
UAP 3354: Environmental Policy & Planning
Plus 9 hours from approved list

Minor in Public and Urban Affairs

    Students can receive a minor in Public and Urban Affairs by taking 18 hours from the following courses:
    UAP 1024: Public Issues in Urban Society
    UAP 3014: Urban Policy and Planning
    Plus: 12 UAP hours from approved list

B.S. in Environmental Policy and Planning

    The B.S. in environmental policy and planning (EPP) provides students the opportunity to study environmental problems and their solutions from an interdisciplinary perspective involving humanities, natural and social science, planning, and public policy. While rooted in scientific and technological fields, environmental problems and their solutions increasingly deal with public values, economics, law, policy, and planning. The EPP curriculum, while providing a broad liberal arts and natural and social science base, has a pre-professional slant involving analytical and communication skills and policy and planning methods to prepare students for employment and graduate study.

    The curriculum draws from courses in 20 departments in five colleges, and is held together by ten UAP classes including two capstone courses. The required hours include fourteen course "bundles" in which students select from a group of courses. The curriculum includes 120 total credit hours, of which 98-99 hours (including all University Core requirements) are required and 21-22 hours are free electives.

Communication Skills: (12 credit hours)
ENGL 1105-6: Freshman English
UAP 4184: Community Involvement
Speaking/Writing: Choose one
COMM 2004: Public Speaking
ENGL 3764: Technical Writing
Analytical Skills: (12 credit hours)
STAT 3604: Statistics for the Social Sciences
Mathematics: Choose one sequence (6 hours)
MATH 1015-6: Elem. Calculus with Trig.
MATH 1205-6: Calculus I & II
MATH 1525-6: Elem. Calculus with Matrices
Computer Applications: Choose one
UAP 3024: Computer in Environ. & Urban Anal.
GEOG 4084: Introduction to Geog. Info. Systems
Humanities: (6 credit hours)
Choose two Area 2, including at least one from the following:
LAR 4034: Evolution of the American Landscape
FOR 2554: Parks, Wildlife & American Values
UAP 4264: Environmental Ethics and Policy
Creative and Aesthetic Experience: (1 credit hour)
Choose one from approved University Core options:
LAR 1144: Introduction to Landscape Architecture
or other Area 6.
Natural and Physical Sciences: (21-22 credit hours)
Biology: Choose one lecture/lab sequence (8 hours)
BIOL 1005-6: General Biology
  + BIOL 1015-6: Biology Lab
BIOL 1105-6: Principles of Biology
  + BIOL 1115-6: Biology Lab
Chemistry: Choose one lecture/lab sequence (4 hours)
CHEM 1015: Introduction to Chemistry
  + CHEM 1025: Chemistry Lab
or CHEM 1035: General Chemistry
  + CHEM 1045: General Chemistry Lab
Environmental Science: Choose one
ENSC 3604: Fund. of Environmental Science
CSES 3604: Fund. of Environmental Science
Engineering: Choose one
ENGR 3054: Engineering Our Environment
ENGR 3124: Environmental Engineering
UAP 4394: Community Renewable Energy
Technical Elective: Choose one (3 hours)
BIOL 2804: Ecology
BSE 2384: Soil & Water Resources Management
CSES 3114: Soils
GEOG 1104: Intro. to Physical Geography
GEOL 1004: Physical Geology
FIW 2114: Prin. of Fisheries & Wildlife Mgmt.
FOR 2314: Forest Biology and Dendrology
Policy and Planning: (39 credit hours)
Economics: Choose one sequence (6 hours)
ECON 2005-06: Principles of Economics
AAEC 1005-06: Economics of Food and Fiber
Environmental Economics: Choose one
AAEC 4304: Environ.& Sustainable Dev. Econ.
ECON 4014: Environmental Economics
Take all of the following:(24 hours)
UAP 3344: Global Environmental Issues
PSCI 1014: Intro. to U.S. Government and Politics
UAP 3714: The U.S. Policy Process (WI)
UAP 3744: Public Policy Analysis
AAEC 3314: Environmental Law
UAP 3354: Intro. to Environmental Policy & Planning
UAP 4374: Land Use & Environment: Planning & Pol.
UAP 4384: Pollution Control Planning and Policy
Choose two of the following: (6 hours)
UAP 4214: Women, Environment and Development
UAP 4344: Law of Critical Environmental Areas
AAEC 4314: Environment Econ Analysis and Management
AAEC 4344: Sustainable Development Economics
HIST 3144: American Environmental History
LAR 4444: Environmental Impact Assessment
Synthesis: (6 credit hours)
UAP 4364: Seminar in Env. Policy & Planning (2 hours)
Interdisciplinary Problem Solving: Choose one
UAP 4354: Environ. Problem-solving Studio (4 hours)
Free Electives: (22-23 credit hours)

Minor in Environmental Policy and Planning

    Students can receive a minor in Environmental Policy and Planning by taking 20-22 hours from the following courses.

Environmental Values, History, Ethics: (3 hours from the following)
HIST 3144: American Environmental History
LAR 4034: Evolution of the American Landscape
FOR 2554: Wilderness, Parks, and American Life
UAP 4264: Environmental Ethics and Policy
Environmental Science: (6 hours from the following)
UAP 3354: Intro. to Environmental Policy & Planning
ENSC 3604: Fundamentals of Environmental Science
or CSES 3604: Fundamentals of Environmental Science
Environmental Policy and Planning: (9 hours)
9 hours from:
UAP 3344: Global Environmental Issues
UAP 4184: Community Involvement
UAP 4344: Law of Critical Environmental Areas
UAP 4374: Land Use & Environment: Plan. & Policy
UAP 4384: Pollution Control: Planning and Policy
Env. Policy & Planning Applications: (2-4 hours from the following)
UAP 4354: Environmental Problem Solving Studio
or UAP 4364: Seminar in Environmental Policy & Planning

Satisfactory Progress

    A student will be considered to have made satisfactory progress toward the degree when, upon attempting 72 semester hours of credits, he/she has successfully completed the University Core requirements for English, mathematics, natural sciences and humanities, as well as UAP 2014, 2024, 3014 and ECON 2005-2006.

Undergraduate Course Descriptions (UAP)

1024: PUBLIC ISSUES IN AN URBAN SOCIETY
This class introduces some of the most vital concerns and issues challenging democratic capitalistic urban societies today. Topics addressed include different perspectives on the causes and portent of the urban underclass, the growing inequality between the educated and less well educated in the nation's labor markets, the causes of the marked resegregation of many of the nation's urban centers by race and income and the implications of privatization and interjurisdictional competition for the public policy behavior and outcomes of subnational governments. (3H,3C) I,II.

2014: URBANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Relationships between urbanization and economic development; role of cities in social, political, cultural, and economic development of societies; cities as settings for innovation and change. (3H,3C)

2024: WORLD CITIES
A comparative approach to urban systems, urban form, and urban living throughout the world. The role of cities in national and international economics. The form of urban development in relation to political, economic, and cultural context. Comparisons of urban problems and policy responses. (3H,3C)

2034: SOCIETY AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
The built environment is viewed as a product of social, cultural, economic and political forces. Architecture, urban design and planning as mediating professions; the major actors and institutions involved in creating and shaping the built environment; the style of production and the production of style in the built environment; architecture and the dynamics of urban change; symbolism and meaning in the built environment. Sophomore standing required. (3H,3C) I.

2964: FIELD STUDY
Pass/Fail only. Variable credit course.

3004: URBAN RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
An introduction to methodological approaches used in conducting and presenting findings of research in the field of urban affairs and the development of skills most commonly used in carrying out such research. (3H,3C)

3014: URBAN POLICY AND PLANNING
An introduction to urban policy and urban planning. Includes analysis of the basic concepts and principles of urban policy, a review of urban policy in the United States, discussion of the development of urban planning and its role in shaping the urban environment, and an analysis of the relationship between public policy and planning and the organization and structure of the urban environment. (3H,3C)

3024: THE PERSONAL COMPUTER IN URBAN ANALYSIS
Use of personal computers in the analysis of urban models and urban problems. The course includes data management for urban information, graphics, computer modeling, and simulation. (3H,3C)

3064: URBAN DIVERSITY
Examines the growing diversity of the metropolitan population in the United States including the rising numbers of people of color, the disabled, the growth of single person and single-parent headed households, aging and sexual orientation. Introduces issues and problem solving techniques related to managing city and suburban areas as they adjust to diversity. Junior standing required. (3H,3C) I.

3074: SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN URBAN SOCIETY
Examines how social groups bring about social change through formal and informal organizations in the urban context. Analyzes the challenges and successes of these organizations whose efforts fall outside traditional political parties as a window to larger policy and development questions. Topics include resource mobilization theory, theories of urbanization and development, as well as topical social movements including self-help housing, women's movements, health care, human rights, and environmental groups, among others. Pre: 1024. (3H,3C) I.

3224: POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
Systematic analysis of the field and practice of public policy implementation. Includes analysis of the structure and dynamics of the policy process as well as specific analytic approaches to understanding policy implementation. Includes analysis of intra-organizational, interorganizational and intergovernmental implementation processes. (3H,3C)

3264: CONTEMPORARY URBAN ISSUES
Consideration of one particular issue of immediate importance to the contemporary urban environment. Topics emphasize major social or economic policy issues, and may change each year. Junior standing required. (3H,3C)

3344 (PSCI 3344): GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES: INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES
Critical examination of major global environmental problems (e.g., global warming, atmospheric ozone depletion, acid rain, tropical deforestation, toxic waste) with emphasis on their social, economic, political, ethical, and policy implications and solutions. Completion of Area 4 of University Core required. (3H,3C) II.

3354: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND PLANNING
Introduction to the interdisciplinary principles of environmental policy, planning, economics, and ethics to address pollution abatement, resources conservation, habitat protection, and environmental restoration. The course will focus on practical means of identifying environmental problems and creatively solving them. (3H,3C) I,II.

3434 (PSCI 3414): PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
The role and context of public administration in the contemporary United States, administrative organization and decision-making, public finance, human resources administration, and program implementation. Pre: PSCI 1014. (3H,3C)

3444 (PSCI 3444): ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND POLICY
The legal context of the exercise of discretion by public administrators in the United States. Adjudication and rule- making; access to administrative processes and information; legislative and judicial control of administration. Pre: PSCI 1014. (3H,3C)

3464 (AHRM 3464) (EDHL 3464) (GEOG 3464) (HD 3464) (HUM 3464) (SOC 3464): APPALACHIAN COMMUNITIES
The concept of community in Appalachia using a multidisciplinary approach and experiential learning. Interrelationships among geographically, culturally, and socially constituted communities, public policy, and human development. 2000-level course in any cross-listing department required. (2H,3L,3C)

3604: PUBLIC BUDGETING
Examines principal theories, concepts and practices of budgeting as practiced in the public sector in the United States. Assesses evolution of budgetary theory and practice from perspective of effective policy making, managerial needs, analytical techniques and reporting requirements. Junior standing required. (3H,3C)

3614: PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Provides an undergraduate level introduction to principal concepts central to effective financial management in public organizations. Surveys basic accounting concepts, treasury and asset management, auditing, purchasing and inventory management, debt management, capital planning and management control systems development. Junior standing required. (3H,3C) II.

3714 (PSCI 3714): THE U S POLICY PROCESS
Description and analysis of the processes and institutions involved in the making and implementation of public policy in the United States, with a primary focus on domestic and economic policy. Empirical and normative models of the process of public policy making in the U.S. Pre: PSCI 1014. (3H,3C) I.

3744 (PSCI 3744): PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS
Methods and approaches used in the analysis and evaluation of public policy; strengths and limitations of various analytic tools; normative issues in the practice of policy analysis. (3H,3C) II.

3774 (PSCI 3774): MARXIAN POLITICAL ANALYSIS
Contemporary uses of Marxian concepts and theories to study the world economy, business structure, current social issues, modern ethical values, and alienation. Pre: 1024. (3H,3C) II.

3894: WORLD POVERTY AND HUNGER IN URBAN/REGIONAL CONTEXT
Important dimensions of global poverty and hunger problems and issues with examples drawn from the United States as well as from developing countries; causes of poverty and hunger; comparison of poverty and hunger in urban and rural areas; distribution of wealth and power; development programs, and their reforms. (3H,3C)

4184: COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT
Issues, concepts, and techniques of citizen participation in community development. Institutional frameworks and their historical precedents. Exercises developing group communications skills, public meeting facilitation, and design of community involvement programs. (3H,3C)

4214 (WS 4214): WOMEN, ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT IN A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
Explores intersecting roles of gender, culture, and socio-economic status in people's use of nature, management of environmental resources, and experiences of environmental change. Examines debates on environmental and development initiatives, environmental ethics, and environmental social movements from feminist perspectives. Pre: 3344 or 3354. (3H,3C) II.

4224: POLICY-MAKING IN THE FEDERAL SYSTEM
This course analyzes both the design and structure of our nation's intergovernmental framework. The class examines alternative understandings of the intentions of the Founders and of the changing roles of the courts, Congress, the presidency, the governorship, the state legislatures, local governments and other institutional actors in our intergovernmental system. The class emphasizes both the strengths and weaknesses of our multi-layered system of governance laying special stress on its implications for policy process effectiveness, efficiency and accountability. (3H,3C) II.

4244: NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
Examines the role of the non-profit sector in American society. Also analyzes the role of important sub-sectors within the nation's third sector and explores key management challenges confronting non-profit organization leaders within them. Junior standing required. (3H,3C) I.

4264: ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS AND POLICY
Issues in applied environmental ethics. Contributions of diverse religious and philosophical traditions to contemporary perspectives on the human-nature relationship. Examination of environmental policies from utilitarian economic, deep ecology, and ecofeminist perspectives. Junior, senior or graduate standing required. Pre: 3344 or 3354. (3H,3C) II.

4284: ENVIRONMENT, POLITICS & PLANNING: COMPARATIVE APPLIED POLITICAL ECOLOGY
Uses political ecology concepts, linking environmental change and social difference, to address practical problems where social justice and environmental management intersect at multiple spatial scales and institutional levels. Junior or senior standing required. Pre: 3354. (3H,3C) II.

4304: NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE
This course explores the major conceptual issues related to developing an understanding of the foundations and roles of leadership and governance of third sector and nongovernmental organizations. The course focus is explicitly comparative and contextual and is designed to equip students with the capacities to assess and improve governing board effectiveness as well as to devise and implement leadership strategies in the complex structural, social and political contexts in which nonprofit organizations are typically enmieshed both in the United States and other industrialized democracies and in developing nations. Pre: 4244. (3H,3C)

4344: LAW OF CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL AREAS
This course examines the legal principles and policy debates involved in the regulation and protection of critical environmental resources. Specific topics vary but will likely include wetlands law and policy, endangered species habitat, open space, forestland and farmland protection, costal zone management, and floodplain regulation and policy. Pre: 4754, AAEC 3314. (3H,3C)

4354: INTERDISCIPLINARY ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM SOLVING STUDIO
Interdisciplinary, experiential problem solving studio focusing on specific environmental problems. Working in groups, students interact with local officials, consultants, developers, environmental groups to explore the processes of environmental management, regulation and mitigation, applying techniques and skills frequently used by environmental planners and policy-makers. Senior status required and 9 credit hours, 3000-level or above, in the Environmental Policy and Planning major or minor; Pre: 3354. (2H,5L,4C) II.

4364: SEMINAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND PLANNING
Critical examination of the social, political, economic, legal, scientific, and technological contexts underlying processes of environmental change, problems, and solutions, as seen from various conceptual and disciplinary perspectives. Senior status required and 9 credit hours, 3000-level or above, in the Environmental Policy and Planning major or minor. Pre: 3354. (2H,2C) I,II.

4374: LAND USE AND ENVIRONMENT: PLANNING AND POLICY
Environmental factors involved in land use planning and development, including topography, soils, geologic hazards, flooding and stormwater management, ecological features, and visual quality. Techniques used in conducting environmental land inventories and land suitability analyses. Policies and programs to protect environmental quality in land use planning and development. Pre: 3354. (3H,3C)

4384: POLLUTION CONTROL PLANNING AND POLICY
Planning and policy aspects of managing residuals and environmental contaminants and their effects on human health and environmental quality. Technical and economic factors involved in management of water quality, air quality, solid and hazardous wastes, toxic substances, and noise. Implementation of pollution control legislation, policies, and programs at federal, state, and local levels. (3H,3C)

4394: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
Practical design fundamentals for small scale renewable energy systems: solar building heating and cooling; solar domestic hot water; wind, photovoltaic, and hydroelectric systems; alcohol, methane and other biomass conversion systems. Developing plans, programs, and policies to stimulate development of renewable systems. Pre: MATH 1016 or ECON 2116. (3H,3C)

4404 (ALS 4404) (GEOG 4404) (NR 4404): APPROACHES TO INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
An introduction to issues relating to international development. The course will focus on areas to help students better understand the interdependencies between countries and how institutions and organizations can foster effective working relationships on global projects of mutual interest between countries. (1H,1C) I.

4604: SOCIAL POLICY AND PLANNING
A survey of the history of social policy in the United States of existing federal, state, and local statutes that define the character of contemporary social policy and planning and of issues that are likely to affect the direction of future social policy developments. Policy areas considered include income maintenance, health, housing, and labor force development. Pre: 3014. (3H,3C)

4614: HEALTH POLICY
Inquiry into the structure of contemporary health policy and its historic antecedents, into the impacts of public policy on health status and health care delivery, into policy strategies for controlling health costs, and into the political economy of health and its influence on health policy formation. Emphasis is on the U.S. health system but that experience is placed in context by consideration of case studies of other advanced capitalist nations. Pre: 3224. (3H,3C) I.

4624 (PSCI 4624): THE WASHINGTON SEMESTER: SEMINAR IN AMERICAN POLITICS AND PUBLIC POLICY
This seminar is the integrative forum for the principal elements of the Washington Semester experience. The course explores both the role of political institutions in policy formation and implementation and the primary managerial and leadership challenges that arise for implementing organization managers in American democratic public policy-making. Junior standing required and acceptance into the Washington Semester program. X-grade allowed. (3H,3C) III,IV.

4624H (PSCI 4624H): HONORS THE WASHINGTON SEMESTER: SEM IN AMERICAN POLITICA AND PUBLIC POLICY
X-grade allowed. (3H,3C)

4644 (PSCI 4644): THE WASHINGTON SEMESTER: POLITICS, POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION IN A DEMOCRACY
This course is part of the Washington Semester. Explores the relationship between the imperatives of democratic mobilization, policy choices and organizational choices through intensive study of the operating context of a selected public or nonprofit organization. Examines implications of policy-maker choices for implementing institution dynamics and challenges. Junior standing and acceptance into the Washington Semester program. X-grade allowed. Pre: PSCI 3714. (3H,3C) III,IV.

4644H (PSCI 4644H): HONORS THE WASHINGTON SEMESTER: POLITICS, POLICY AND ADMIN IN A DEMOCRACY
X-grade allowed. (3H,3C)

4654 (ARCH 4654): URBANIZATION AND URBANISM IN EUROPE
This course is designed to provide an introduction to European urbanization for students who intend to pursue a study abroad program in Europe, or who have already done so. The course adopts a comparative approach to cities, urban form and urban living, and an understanding of urbanization processes, including urban design and planning, in different parts of Europe. Pre: 2014 or ARCH 2016. (3H,3C)

4714 (ECON 4714): ECONOMICS AND FINANCING OF STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
Examines the provision and financing of public goods and services in local governments. Analyzes associated policy issues. Reviews experience in Western Europe and developing countries, as well as in the United States. Pre: ECON 2006. (3H,3C) I.

4724: CAPITAL BUDGETING AND STRATEGIC FACILITIES PLANNING
Examines the principles and practice of capital budgeting as a primary instrument for the effectuation of long-range public policy objectives. Capital budgeting forms a critical bridge between strategic planning and the delivery of vital public services. Strategic facilities are public improvements that have a relatively long life, involve substantial investment of public resources, and yield fixed assets for the community or organization. (3H,3C)

4744: PRINCIPLES OF REAL ESTATE
Examines the relationship between the real estate market and urban development. Focuses on the private sector real estate market and how it responds to and shapes urban policy and urban planning practices. Pre: 3014. (4H,4C)

4754: LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF PLANNING
Examination of the legal context in which urban planning and public policy operate. Legal structure, role of law, powers of sovereign governments, constitutional limitations on government activities, and public-private conflict and their influence on planning and public policy are examined. (3H,3C)

4764 (GEOG 4764) (SOC 4764): INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY AND PLANNING
Examination of major development theories and contemporary issues and characteristics of low-income societies (industrialization, urbanization, migration, rural poverty, hunger, foreign trade, and debt) that establish contexts for development planning and policy-making. Junior standing required. (3H,3C) I.

4854: PLANNING OF THE URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
Course examines the interdependences among the elements of the built environment of the city and those between the elements of the built environment and the policy/planning structure of the city. Considered are those elements associated with the primary urban activities (residential, commercial, industrial) as well as the urban form-giving infrastructure facilities that support those land uses (water supply, sewerage, solid waste disposal, transportation, education, recreation, health, and safety). Pre: 3014. (3H,3C)

4914: SEMINAR IN PUBLIC AND URBAN AFFAIRS
This capstone seminar explores the central questions of the role of the citizen and the citizenry in democratic capitalistic urban societies as well as the nature of accountability in such regimes. Topics such as the processes by which representation occurs, alternate theories of democratic community and the relationship of the public, private and civil sectors in urban society are treated. Senior status in PUA required. (3H,3C) II.

4964: FIELD STUDY
Variable credit course. X-grade allowed.

4964H: HONORS FIELD STUDY
Variable credit course.

4974: INDEPENDENT STUDY
Variable credit course. X-grade allowed. I.

4984: SPECIAL STUDY
Variable credit course.

4994: UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH
Variable credit course. I.

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